Acanthosis nigricanshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricans
Acanthosis nigricans ni ishara ya matibabu inayojitokeza kwa rangi ya kahawia‑mweusi isiyofafanuliwa vizuri, pamoja na kuongezeka kwa rangi ya ngozi kwenye ngozi. Mara nyingi hupatikana katika maeneo ya mikunjo ya mwili, kama vile mikunjo ya nyuma, shingo, makwapa, kinena, kitovu, paji la uso, na maeneo mengine. Inahusishwa na ugonjwa wa endokrini, hasa upinzani wa insulini na hyperinsulinemia, kama inavyoonekana katika ugonjwa wa kisukari.

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References Acanthosis Nigricans 28613711 
NIH
Acanthosis nigricans ni dalili ya hali ya msingi ya ngozi. Mara nyingi huonekana kwenye maeneo kama shingo, makwapa, na kinena, ikionekana kama madoa meusi yenye ukavu usio wazi. Hali hii kawaida huhusishwa na ugonjwa wa kisukari na upinzani wa insulini, lakini katika hali nadra inaweza kuashiria saratani ya ndani. Inaweza pia kuonekana kutokana na matatizo ya homoni au kwa kutumia dawa maalum kama vile steroids na vidonge vya kudhibiti uzazi.
Acanthosis nigricans is a cutaneous manifestation of an underlying condition. It usually develops in skin folds, such as the back of the neck, axilla, and groin, where it presents as velvety hyper-pigmented patches with poorly defined borders. Acanthosis nigricans is most commonly associated with diabetes and insulin resistance, but rarely it can be a sign of internal malignancy. It can also occur with hormone disorders or with the use of certain medications like systemic glucocorticoids and oral contraceptives.
 Current treatment options for acanthosis nigricans 30122971 
NIH
Acanthosis nigricans (AN) ni hali ya kawaida ya ngozi inayohusishwa na masuala mbalimbali ya afya kama vile ukinzani wa insulini, kisukari, kunenepa kupita kiasi, baadhi ya saratani, matatizo ya homoni, na athari za dawa. Matibabu ya AN yanahusisha kushughulikia chanzo cha msingi cha tatizo la kiafya. Mara nyingi, madaktari huangalia dalili za upinzani wa insulini, ambazo ni pamoja na uzito wa kupita kiasi, cholesterol ya juu, shinikizo la damu, na kisukari cha aina ya 2. Madaktari mara nyingi huagiza topical retinoids kama chaguo la kwanza la matibabu, ambayo inaweza kusaidia katika kupunguza unene wa ngozi. Hata hivyo, retinoids haziwezi kutibu kabisa giza la ngozi. Chaguo zingine za matibabu (salicylic acid, podophyllin, urea, calcipotriol) pia zinahitaji matumizi ya mara kwa mara.
Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a common dermatologic manifestation of systemic disease that is associated with insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, obesity, internal malignancy, endocrine disorders, and drug reactions. Treatment of AN primarily focuses on resolution of the underlying disease processes causing the velvety, hyperpigmented, hyperkeratotic plaques found on the skin. Initial considerations for the AN workup include evaluating patients for insulin resistance syndrome characterized by obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus type II. For cosmetic treatment, topical retinoids are considered the first-line therapy for insulin-resistant AN by modifying keratinization rate. However, topical tretinoin requires application for long durations and improves hyperkeratosis, but not hyperpigmentation. Topical salicylic acid, podophyllin, urea, and calcipotriol also require frequent application, while TCA peels may provide a faster and less time-intense burden.